TY - JOUR
T1 - Glioblastoma multiforme
T2 - insights into pathogenesis, key signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies
AU - Pouyan, Ashkan
AU - Ghorbanlo, Masoud
AU - Eslami, Masoud
AU - Jahanshahi, Majid
AU - Ziaei, Ehsan
AU - Salami, Ali
AU - Mokhtari, Khatere
AU - Shahpasand, Koorosh
AU - Farahani, Najma
AU - Meybodi, Tohid Emami
AU - Entezari, Maliheh
AU - Taheriazam, Afshin
AU - Hushmandi, Kiavash
AU - Hashemi, Mehrdad
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2025.
PY - 2025/12
Y1 - 2025/12
N2 - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by a poor prognosis and significant resistance to existing treatments. Despite progress in therapeutic strategies, the median overall survival remains approximately 15 months. A hallmark of GBM is its intricate molecular profile, driven by disruptions in multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt, NF-κB, and TGF-β, critical to tumor growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. This review examines the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic prospects of targeting these pathways in GBM, highlighting recent insights into pathway interactions and discovering new therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
AB - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by a poor prognosis and significant resistance to existing treatments. Despite progress in therapeutic strategies, the median overall survival remains approximately 15 months. A hallmark of GBM is its intricate molecular profile, driven by disruptions in multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt, NF-κB, and TGF-β, critical to tumor growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. This review examines the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic prospects of targeting these pathways in GBM, highlighting recent insights into pathway interactions and discovering new therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
KW - Glioblastoma multiforme
KW - Molecular mechanisms
KW - Signaling pathways
KW - Targeted therapy
KW - Therapeutic resistance
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219208839
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219208839#tab=citedBy
U2 - 10.1186/s12943-025-02267-0
DO - 10.1186/s12943-025-02267-0
M3 - Review article
C2 - 40011944
AN - SCOPUS:85219208839
SN - 1476-4598
VL - 24
JO - Molecular Cancer
JF - Molecular Cancer
IS - 1
M1 - 58
ER -