Gelled Versus Nongelled Phantom Material for Measurement of MRI-Induced Temperature Increases with Bioimplants

S. M. Park; J. A. Nyenhuis; C. D. Smith; E. J. Lim; K. S. Foster; K. B. Baker; G. Hrdlicka; A. R. Rezai; P. Ruggieri; A. Sharan; F. G. Shellock; P. H. Stypulkowski; J. Tkach

doi:10.1109/TMAG.2003.816259

Gelled Versus Nongelled Phantom Material for Measurement of MRI-Induced Temperature Increases with Bioimplants

S. M. Park, J. A. Nyenhuis, C. D. Smith, E. J. Lim, K. S. Foster, K. B. Baker, G. Hrdlicka, A. R. Rezai, P. Ruggieri, A. Sharan, F. G. Shellock, P. H. Stypulkowski, J. Tkach

Neurology

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Abstract

Measurements in phantoms are used to predict temperature changes that would occur in vivo for medical implants due to the radio frequency (RF) field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, the impact of concentration of the gelling agent in a saline-based phantom on the RF-induced temperature rise was measured using an apparatus that accurately reproduces the RF environment present in a 1.5-T whole-body MR system. The temperature was measured using fluoroptic thermometry at the electrode and other sites for a deep brain neurostimulation system. The average power deposition in the 30-kg phantom was about 1.5 W/kg. Four phantom formulations were evaluated, using different concentrations of polyacrylic acid (PAA) added to saline solution, with NaCl concentration adjusted to maintain an electrical conductivity near 0.24 S/m. The greatest temperature rises occurred at the electrode, ranging from 16.2 °C for greatest concentration of PAA to 2.9 °C for only saline solution. The temperature rise attained the maximal value for sufficient concentration of PAA. Similar behavior was observed in the temperature versus time relationship near a current-carrying resistor, immersed in gel and saline, which was used to model a localized heat source. The temperature rise for insufficient PAA concentration is reduced due to convection of phantom material. In conclusion, an appropriate gelling agent is required to accurately simulate the thermal properties of body tissues for measurements of RF-induced heating with medical implants.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	3367-3371
Number of pages	5
Journal	IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
Volume	39
Issue number	5 II
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2003.816259
State	Published - Sep 2003

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Manuscript received January 8, 2003. This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Medtronic Corporation. S. M. Park, J. A. Nyenhuis, E. J. Lim, and K. S. Foster are with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA ([email protected]). C. D. Smith is with SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. K. B. Baker, A. R. Rezai, P. Ruggieri, and J. Tkach are with the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44095 USA. G. Hrdlicka and P. H. Stypulkowski are with the Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55421 USA. A. Sharan is with the Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017 USA. F. G. Shellock is with the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2003.816259

Keywords

Deep brain stimulation
Heating
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Medical implant
Radio frequency

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Park, S. M., Nyenhuis, J. A., Smith, C. D., Lim, E. J., Foster, K. S., Baker, K. B., Hrdlicka, G., Rezai, A. R., Ruggieri, P., Sharan, A., Shellock, F. G., Stypulkowski, P. H., & Tkach, J. (2003). Gelled Versus Nongelled Phantom Material for Measurement of MRI-Induced Temperature Increases with Bioimplants. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 39(5 II), 3367-3371. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2003.816259

Park, SM, Nyenhuis, JA, Smith, CD, Lim, EJ, Foster, KS, Baker, KB, Hrdlicka, G, Rezai, AR, Ruggieri, P, Sharan, A, Shellock, FG, Stypulkowski, PH & Tkach, J 2003, 'Gelled Versus Nongelled Phantom Material for Measurement of MRI-Induced Temperature Increases with Bioimplants', IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 39, no. 5 II, pp. 3367-3371. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2003.816259

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abstract = "Measurements in phantoms are used to predict temperature changes that would occur in vivo for medical implants due to the radio frequency (RF) field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, the impact of concentration of the gelling agent in a saline-based phantom on the RF-induced temperature rise was measured using an apparatus that accurately reproduces the RF environment present in a 1.5-T whole-body MR system. The temperature was measured using fluoroptic thermometry at the electrode and other sites for a deep brain neurostimulation system. The average power deposition in the 30-kg phantom was about 1.5 W/kg. Four phantom formulations were evaluated, using different concentrations of polyacrylic acid (PAA) added to saline solution, with NaCl concentration adjusted to maintain an electrical conductivity near 0.24 S/m. The greatest temperature rises occurred at the electrode, ranging from 16.2 °C for greatest concentration of PAA to 2.9 °C for only saline solution. The temperature rise attained the maximal value for sufficient concentration of PAA. Similar behavior was observed in the temperature versus time relationship near a current-carrying resistor, immersed in gel and saline, which was used to model a localized heat source. The temperature rise for insufficient PAA concentration is reduced due to convection of phantom material. In conclusion, an appropriate gelling agent is required to accurately simulate the thermal properties of body tissues for measurements of RF-induced heating with medical implants.",

keywords = "Deep brain stimulation, Heating, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Medical implant, Radio frequency",

author = "Park, {S. M.} and Nyenhuis, {J. A.} and Smith, {C. D.} and Lim, {E. J.} and Foster, {K. S.} and Baker, {K. B.} and G. Hrdlicka and Rezai, {A. R.} and P. Ruggieri and A. Sharan and Shellock, {F. G.} and Stypulkowski, {P. H.} and J. Tkach",

note = "Funding Information: Manuscript received January 8, 2003. This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Medtronic Corporation. S. M. Park, J. A. Nyenhuis, E. J. Lim, and K. S. Foster are with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA ([email protected]). C. D. Smith is with SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. K. B. Baker, A. R. Rezai, P. Ruggieri, and J. Tkach are with the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44095 USA. G. Hrdlicka and P. H. Stypulkowski are with the Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55421 USA. A. Sharan is with the Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017 USA. F. G. Shellock is with the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2003.816259",

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AU - Nyenhuis, J. A.

AU - Smith, C. D.

AU - Lim, E. J.

AU - Foster, K. S.

AU - Baker, K. B.

AU - Hrdlicka, G.

AU - Rezai, A. R.

AU - Ruggieri, P.

AU - Sharan, A.

AU - Shellock, F. G.

AU - Stypulkowski, P. H.

AU - Tkach, J.

N1 - Funding Information: Manuscript received January 8, 2003. This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Medtronic Corporation. S. M. Park, J. A. Nyenhuis, E. J. Lim, and K. S. Foster are with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA ([email protected]). C. D. Smith is with SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. K. B. Baker, A. R. Rezai, P. Ruggieri, and J. Tkach are with the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44095 USA. G. Hrdlicka and P. H. Stypulkowski are with the Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55421 USA. A. Sharan is with the Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19017 USA. F. G. Shellock is with the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2003.816259

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N2 - Measurements in phantoms are used to predict temperature changes that would occur in vivo for medical implants due to the radio frequency (RF) field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, the impact of concentration of the gelling agent in a saline-based phantom on the RF-induced temperature rise was measured using an apparatus that accurately reproduces the RF environment present in a 1.5-T whole-body MR system. The temperature was measured using fluoroptic thermometry at the electrode and other sites for a deep brain neurostimulation system. The average power deposition in the 30-kg phantom was about 1.5 W/kg. Four phantom formulations were evaluated, using different concentrations of polyacrylic acid (PAA) added to saline solution, with NaCl concentration adjusted to maintain an electrical conductivity near 0.24 S/m. The greatest temperature rises occurred at the electrode, ranging from 16.2 °C for greatest concentration of PAA to 2.9 °C for only saline solution. The temperature rise attained the maximal value for sufficient concentration of PAA. Similar behavior was observed in the temperature versus time relationship near a current-carrying resistor, immersed in gel and saline, which was used to model a localized heat source. The temperature rise for insufficient PAA concentration is reduced due to convection of phantom material. In conclusion, an appropriate gelling agent is required to accurately simulate the thermal properties of body tissues for measurements of RF-induced heating with medical implants.

AB - Measurements in phantoms are used to predict temperature changes that would occur in vivo for medical implants due to the radio frequency (RF) field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, the impact of concentration of the gelling agent in a saline-based phantom on the RF-induced temperature rise was measured using an apparatus that accurately reproduces the RF environment present in a 1.5-T whole-body MR system. The temperature was measured using fluoroptic thermometry at the electrode and other sites for a deep brain neurostimulation system. The average power deposition in the 30-kg phantom was about 1.5 W/kg. Four phantom formulations were evaluated, using different concentrations of polyacrylic acid (PAA) added to saline solution, with NaCl concentration adjusted to maintain an electrical conductivity near 0.24 S/m. The greatest temperature rises occurred at the electrode, ranging from 16.2 °C for greatest concentration of PAA to 2.9 °C for only saline solution. The temperature rise attained the maximal value for sufficient concentration of PAA. Similar behavior was observed in the temperature versus time relationship near a current-carrying resistor, immersed in gel and saline, which was used to model a localized heat source. The temperature rise for insufficient PAA concentration is reduced due to convection of phantom material. In conclusion, an appropriate gelling agent is required to accurately simulate the thermal properties of body tissues for measurements of RF-induced heating with medical implants.

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KW - Heating

KW - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

KW - Medical implant

KW - Radio frequency

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Gelled Versus Nongelled Phantom Material for Measurement of MRI-Induced Temperature Increases with Bioimplants

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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