Food Subsidy Effects on Host Foraging Behavior Shape Host–Macroparasite Infection Dynamics

Anthropogenic food subsidies can have profound influences on wildlife behavior and health, including exposure to parasites. In many host–macroparasite systems, parasite exposure is tied to foraging behavior, but how different distributions of food subsidy shape macroparasite encounter and population-level impacts is poorly understood. Here we modify a mathematical model of macroparasite transmission to explore how food subsidies could change parasite encounter rates and between-host variation in parasite burdens, reflecting changes in host foraging and conspecific overlap. Hosts experience the highest average parasite abundance and associated reductions in population size when food subsidies increase and homogenize parasite encounter rates, for example when hosts center their home ranges on a point food source and overlap with many conspecifics. Conversely, hosts experience the lowest parasite abundance and impacts when subsidies result in lower and more heterogeneous parasite encounter rates, for example when multiple patchily distributed subsidies subdivide host populations and increase host commute times to food at the expense of time spent foraging. Even when resources affect other processes such as improving host immunity or fecundity, the overall effect of subsidies on infection is more strongly driven by changes in parasite encounter rates through altered foraging behavior. These patterns are robust to different effect sizes of resource subsidy on foraging and nonforaging parameters. Our findings demonstrate that resource-driven shifts in host foraging behavior could play an integral role in determining infection dynamics for parasites with environmental (free-living) infectious stages, with consequences for wildlife provisioning in recreational, conservation, and management contexts.