Abstract
High pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza (AI) infection has been reported in domestic poultry, wildlife, and human populations since 1996. Risk of infection is associated with direct contact with infected birds. The mode of H5N1 spread from Asia to Europe, Africa and the Far East is unclear; risk factors such as legal and illegal domestic poultry and exotic bird trade, and migratory bird movements have been documented. Measures used to control disease such as culling, stamping out, cleaning and disinfection, and vaccination have not been successful in eradicating H5N1 in Asia, but have been effective in Europe.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 325-340 |
Number of pages | 16 |
Journal | Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |
Volume | 32 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jul 2009 |
Bibliographical note
Copyright:Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Keywords
- Distribution
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
- Orthomyxoviridae
- Pandemic surveillance
- Poultry diseases
- Spread
- Wild aquatic birds