Endoscopic ultrasound guided liver biopsy and portal pressure gradient: when, why and how? Can it become the standard of care in endo-hepatology?

Introduction: The armamentarium of ‘Endo-hepatology’ is proliferating with the advancements in techniques and availability of new devices in the field of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). This has resulted in the merger of multitude of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, such as EUS-liver biopsy (LB), EUS-angioembolization of gastric varices, EUS-portal pressure gradient (PPG) measurement, and others into a ‘one-stop-shop’ for efficient patient management. Lack of standardization of these techniques forms a major hinderance in their widespread adoption. Areas covered: A comprehensive literature search was undertaken across various databases on EUS-LB and EUS-PPG till November 2024 for reviews, observational studies, and randomized trials on EUS-LB and EUS-PPG, describing its indications, technique, and data of safety and efficacy, detailing its role in day-to-day clinical practice. Expert opinion: EUS-LB and EUS-PPG have shown promise in the ever-growing field of endo-hepatology. EUS-LB has exhibited excellent safety profile and comparable tissue yield compared to its percutaneous counterpart. On the other hand, EUS-PPG seems to be a viable alternative although it needs to be standardized further. From a patient and hospital perspective, they might prove to be convenient and cost-effective. Nevertheless, more evidence is warranted before they can be labeled as the new standard of care.