Embedded shell finite elements: Solid–shell interaction, surface locking, and application to image-based bio-structures

In this article, we explore an embedded shell finite element method for the unfitted discretization of solid–shell interaction problems. Its core component is a variationally consistent approach that couples a shell discretization on the surface of an embedded solid domain to its unfitted discretization with hexahedral solid elements. Derived via an augmented Lagrangian formulation and the formal elimination of interface Lagrange multipliers, our method depends only on displacement variables, facilitated by a shift of the displacement-dependent traction vector entirely to the solid structure. We demonstrate that the weighted least squares term required for stability of the formulation triggers severe surface locking due to a mismatch in the polynomial spaces of the shell element and the embedding solid element. We show that reduced quadrature of the stabilization term that evaluates the kinematic constraint at the nodes of the embedded shell elements completely mitigates surface locking. For coarse discretizations, our variationally consistent method achieves superior accuracy with respect to a locking-free nodal penalty method. We illustrate the versatility of embedded shell finite elements for image-based analysis, including patient-specific stress prediction in a vertebra and local rind buckling in a plant structure.