Effects of lead structure in Bering Sea pack ice on the flight costs of wintering spectacled eiders

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• pack ice 87%
• sea ice 59%
• flight 55%
• cost 34%
• fetch 23%
• habitat 23%
• weather 19%
• ice 19%
• winter 17%
• effect 15%
• synthetic aperture radar 15%
• air temperature 15%
• North Pacific Ocean 11%
• diving 10%
• polar region 10%
• sea 10%
• climate 10%
• open water 9%
• long-term trend 9%
• mosaic 9%
• wind direction 9%
• mammal 8%
• divergence 8%
• spacing 8%
• climate modeling 7%
• bird 7%
• pixel 7%
• warming 7%
• wind velocity 7%
• thermodynamics 7%
• air 5%
• trend 4%
• method 4%
• rate 3%
• water 2%

Agriculture & Biology

• Bering Sea 100%
• ice 66%
• flight 56%
• synthetic aperture radar 25%
• sea ice 21%
• weather 19%
• habitats 17%
• winter 14%
• duration 14%
• air temperature 13%
• Somateria 12%
• climate 11%
• Polar Regions 10%
• climate models 10%
• wind direction 9%
• Pacific Ocean 8%
• wind speed 8%
• food webs 8%
• thermodynamics 7%
• spatial distribution 6%
• water 6%
• mammals 5%
• air 4%
• birds 4%
• methodology 3%