Earthworm invasion causes declines across soil fauna size classes and biodiversity facets in northern North American forests

Malte Jochum, Olga Ferlian, Madhav P. Thakur, Marcel Ciobanu, Bernhard Klarner, Jörg Alfred Salamon, Lee E. Frelich, Edward A. Johnson, Nico Eisenhauer

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

18 Scopus citations

Abstract

Anthropogenic pressures alter the biodiversity, structure and organization of biological communities with severe consequences for ecosystem processes. Species invasion is such a human-induced ecosystem change with pronounced impacts on recipient ecosystems. Around the globe, earthworms invade habitats and impact abiotic soil conditions and a wide range of above- and belowground organisms. In northern North America, where earthworms have been largely absent since the last glaciation period and most earthworm species present today have only been (re-)introduced a few hundred years ago, invasion impacts have been intensively studied. However, despite several studies assessing impacts of invasive earthworms on soil fauna, studies have rarely investigated the simultaneous responses of different soil-fauna size groups and biodiversity facets which might respond differently to earthworm invasion and independently affect ecosystem processes. Our study goes beyond previously-established knowledge on earthworm-invasion effects by simultaneously assessing differences in four biodiversity facets, namely the abundance, biomass, richness and Shannon index of soil invertebrate macro-, meso- and microfauna communities between high- and low-invasion status plots (n = 80) and in relation to invasion intensity measured as earthworm biomass across four northern North American forests sampled between 2016 and 2017. Across forests and soil-fauna groups, we found reduced abundance (−33 to −45%) and richness (−18 to −25%) in high compared to low-invasion status areas. Additionally, meso- (−14%) and microfauna biomass (−38%) and macro- (−7%) and microfauna Shannon index (−8%) were reduced. Higher invasion intensity (earthworm biomass) was additionally related to reduced soil-fauna biodiversity. While the studied biodiversity facet was important for the soil fauna response, soil-fauna size group was comparably unimportant. Given the global ubiquity of earthworm invasion and the importance of soil fauna for key ecosystem processes, our observational results help to assess future impacts of this invasion and the consequences for anthropogenically-altered ecosystem functioning.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)766-780
Number of pages15
JournalOikos
Volume130
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2 2021

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors. Oikos published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Society Oikos.

Keywords

  • belowground
  • biodiversity
  • community ecology
  • ecosystem engineer
  • invasion

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