Abstract
Rationale & Objective: Information regarding disparities in initiating sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. We examined sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with the initiation of SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, or second-generation sulfonylureas in a Medicare Fee-For-Service patient population with CKD and type 2 diabetes. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants: The 20% random sample of Medicare Fee-For-Service claims, 2012-2018. Exposures: Patients’ sociodemographic and clinical factors. Outcomes: Use of SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, or sulfonylureas. Analytical Approach: Patients with a newly initiated prescription of SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, or second-generation sulfonylureas from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2018, were identified. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to evaluate demographic and clinical factors associated with the initiation of SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, or second-generation sulfonylureas. Results: The study cohort comprised 53,029 adults (aged greater than or equal to 18 years) with CKD and type 2 diabetes, of whom 10.0%, 17.4%, and 72.6% had a first prescription for SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, and sulfonylurea, respectively. Patients aged greater than or equal to 75 years versus those aged 65-74 years had lower odds to start SGLT2i or GLP-1RA compared with sulfonylureas. Black patients were associated with lower odds of initiation of SGLT2i (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.61-0.74) and GLP-1RA (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.68-0.79), compared with White patients. Hispanic and Asian patients had lower odds of initiation of GLP-1RA. Patients with cardiovascular disease or hyperlipidemia had higher odds to start SGLT2i or GLP-1RA. Limitations: CKD and type 2 diabetes diagnosis; CKD stage; and patient clinical status were identified with diagnosis or procedure codes. There is potential for residual confounding with the use of retrospective data. Conclusions: The results of this study identified disparities in the use of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA in patients with CKD. Black and older patients were significantly less likely to be initiated on SGLT2i or GLP-1RA than on second-generation sulfonylureas.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | 100564 |
| Journal | Kidney Medicine |
| Volume | 5 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jan 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Julie Z. Zhao, MPH, PhD, Eric D. Weinhandl, PhD, MS, Angeline M. Carlson, PhD, and Wendy L. St. Peter, PharmD. Research idea and study design: JZZ, AC, WSP; data acquisition: JZZ, EDW, WSP; data analysis/interpretation: JZZ, EDW, WSP; statistical analysis: JZZ, EDW, WSP; supervision or mentorship: WSP. Each author contributed important intellectual content during manuscript drafting or revision, accepts personal accountability for the author's own contributions, and agrees to ensure that questions pertaining to the accuracy or integrity of any portion of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. None. The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests. We would like to acknowledge the support provided by Jon Schommer, PhD, and Weihua Guan, PhD, University of Minnesota, as advisors on JZZ's PhD dissertation committee. The data reported here have been supplied by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the author(s) and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Received July 7, 2022 as a submission to the expedited consideration track with 2 external peer reviews. Direct editorial input from the Statistical Editor and the Editor-in-Chief. Accepted in revised form August 28, 2022.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
Keywords
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Medicare claims data
- disparities
- glucose-lowering medications
- type 2 diabetes
PubMed: MeSH publication types
- Journal Article
