Development of cold climate grapes in the upper midwestern U.S. The pioneering work of Elmer Swenson

The increase in cold climate grape production across the Midwest and Great Plains states is due in large part to the pioneering efforts of grape breeders who have combined the traits of native Vitis species with qualities of European grape varieties. After prohibition, the confluence of consumer demand, public policy, and fortuitous plant breeding set the stage for new wine industries to emerge in the region. The breeding work of Elmer Swenson led the way at a time when University efforts had shifted to other crops. Swenson’s hobby of breeding table grapes propelled the industry because his varieties performed better than the French hybrids for winter hardiness across the region. The new varieties reduced labor costs and ensured consistent yields. Swenson’s work inspired plant breeders to work with the North American Vitis species, and inspired an entrepreneurial spirit to reinvest in farming in a new way and to join the American wine revolution.