Detection and Assessment of MicroRNA Expression in Human Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally suppress gene expression through sequence-specific interaction with the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of target mRNAs. By modulating gene networks, miRNAs have been shown to regulate many aspects of cellular homeostasis and physiology, including differentiation, growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. The discovery of extracellular miRNA in blood and other body fluids has prompted investigation into their ability to serve as biomarkers for human disease. Further, many miRNAs have been implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of human disease, and there is substantial opportunity to develop novel molecular therapeutics through manipulation of these miRNAs. Here, we review the evidence for the use of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in human disease. We also describe the advantages and limitations for current miRNA profiling strategies.