CXC-chemokines stimulate invasion and chemotaxis in prostate carcinoma cells through the CXCR2 receptor

BACKGROUND. Metastasis of prostate carcinoma requires invasion through the basement membrane, a thin extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelial cells, which must be breached by tumor cells invading into surrounding tissue. The CXC-chemokines, which have been shown to promote the migration of neutrophils and carcinoma cells, are candidates to influence prostate carcinoma-cell invasion. METHODS. CXC-chemokines were examined for the ability to stimulate prostate cell line PC3 invasion in vitro through a reconstituted basement membrane and long-term migration and short-term adhesion to laminin, a major component of the basement membrane. RESULTS. PC3 cells responded to IL-8 and GROα with a 1.6-2-fold increase in invasion through reconstituted basement membrane. A corresponding 2-3-fold increase in chemotaxis toward IL-8 and GROa was seen on laminin. Anti-CXCR2 antibody inhibited IL-8-stimulated migration. Expression levels of the β₁ integrins were not changed by IL-8, and α₆β₁ integrin was used for both stimulated and baseline migration. In addition to the increases in migration and invasion, 2-6-fold transient increases in adhesion on laminin were seen with both IL-8 and GROα. CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that the CXC- chemokines stimulate migration and invasion in part by altering the activation state of the β₁ integrins. The CXC-chemokines act on prostate carcinoma cells through the CXCR2 receptor to promote behavior important for metastasis, and as such may be important in prostate carcinoma progression and metastasis.