Cuff-occluded rate of rise of peripheral venous pressure: A new, highly sensitive technique for monitoring blood volume status during hemorrhage and resuscitation

We investigated the cuff-occluded rate of rise of peripheral venous pressure (CORRP) - a new, nearly noninvasive peripheral hemodynamic monitoring parameter - in dogs subjected to hemorrhage and resuscitation. Twelve adult mongrel dogs under general anesthesia were subjected to hemorrhage of 30% of their estimated total blood volume (TBV) for 30 minutes; after this time the extracted blood was reinfused. Arterial pressure (AP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary venous pressure (PWP), heart rate, and CORRP were continuously monitored. A 'clinically significant change' (CSC) in CORRP and CO was defined as a change that exceeded two standard deviations from the mean of five baseline measurements made before the onset of hemorrhage, whereas a CSC in PWP or CVP was conservatively defined as a change that exceeded 2 mm Hg from the average of five baseline measurements, and a CSC in PAP and AP was defined as a change that exceeded 3 mm Hg and 5 mm Hg, respectively from the average of the baseline measurements. There was no consistent change in heart rate during hemorrhage. Thus defined, a CSC in CORRP occurred after an average extraction of 9.2% ± 4.7% TBV, whereas a CSC was not seen until an average loss of 16.5% ± 8.1% TBV for AP, 21% ± 13% TBV for PWP, 15.5% ± 7% TBV for PAP, and 35% ± 3% TBV for CVP. These average blood losses are all significantly different from the average blood loss required to effect a CSC in CORRP. The blood loss required to effect a CSC in CO averaged 9.7% ± 6%. We conclude that in these anesthetized dogs, CORRP detected blood loss earlier than other commonly used hemodynamic parameters, including several invasive parameters such as CVP, PAP, and PWP; CORRP and CO were equivalent in their ability to detect early stages of blood loss.