Abstract
We examine in this paper the evolution of gender gaps in labor market outcomes during structural adjustment and explore the extent to which widening gaps can be attributed to women's more limited geographical mobility. Using comparable household surveys carried out in 1988 and 1998, we show that gender gaps in access to wage and salary employment and in earnings have widened during this period, especially in the nongovernmental sector. We attribute these changes, at least in part, to women's more limited geographical mobility. We show that women's commuting rates are not only much lower than those of men, but also have remained stagnant in a period where males were having to travel significantly more to obtain jobs outside the government.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 431-454 |
| Number of pages | 24 |
| Journal | World Development |
| Volume | 33 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Mar 2005 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This work has benefited from a financial grant from the Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran, and Turkey. The contents and views do not necessarily reflect the views of the Economic Research Forum. The authors wish to thank Dalia Abbas and Nitika Malik for their able research assistance. Helpful comments from Heba Handoussa, Greta Friedemann-Sanchez, Sajeda Amin, and two anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged.
Copyright:
Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Keywords
- Commuting
- Egypt
- Gender
- Geographic mobility
- Labor market
- Middle East
- Structural adjustment
- Wage differentials
