TY - JOUR
T1 - CLAFS, a Holistic climatic-ecological-anthropogenic hypothesis on Easter Island's deforestation and cultural change
T2 - Proposals and testing prospects
AU - Rull, Valentí
AU - Montoya, Encarni
AU - Seco, Irantzu
AU - Cañellas-Boltà, Núria
AU - Giralt, Santiago
AU - Margalef, Olga
AU - Pla-Rabes, Sergi
AU - D'Andrea, William
AU - Bradley, Raymond
AU - Sáez, Alberto
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Rull, Montoya, Seco, Cañellas-Boltà, Giralt, Margalef, Pla-Rabes, D'Andrea, Bradley and Sáez.
Copyright:
Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2018/4/4
Y1 - 2018/4/4
N2 - This paper reviews the existing hypotheses concerning the cultural shift from the Ancient Cult (AC) to the Birdman Cult (BC) that occurred on Easter Island (Rapa Nui) during the last millennium and introduces a holistic new hypothesis called CLAFS (Climate-Landscape-Anthropogenic Feedbacks and Synergies), which considers a variety of potential drivers of cultural change and their interactions. The CLAFS hypothesis can be tested with future paleoecological studies on new sedimentary sequences such as the new continuous and coherent record encompassing the last millennium from Rano Kao (KAO08-03) using a combination of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), charcoal, and fecal lipid analyses, at decadal to multidecadal resolution. The Kao record should be compared with other continuous records of the last millennium available for the two other freshwater bodies of the island, Rano Aroi and Rano Raraku, to obtain an island-wide perspective of spatio-temporal deforestation patterns in relation to climatic shifts and human activities. The CLAFS hypothesis predicts that the shift from the AC to the BC was associated with the drying out and deforestation of Rano Raraku (the center of the AC) by ~1,570 CE, followed by human migration to Rano Kao (the social center of the BC), where freshwater and forests were still available. Under the CLAFS scenario, this migration would have occurred by ~1,600 CE. Findings to the contrary would require modification and refinement, or outright rejection, of the CLAFS hypothesis and the consideration of alternate hypotheses compatible with new paleoecological evidence. Regardless the final results, archeological evidence will be required to link climatic and ecological events with cultural developments.
AB - This paper reviews the existing hypotheses concerning the cultural shift from the Ancient Cult (AC) to the Birdman Cult (BC) that occurred on Easter Island (Rapa Nui) during the last millennium and introduces a holistic new hypothesis called CLAFS (Climate-Landscape-Anthropogenic Feedbacks and Synergies), which considers a variety of potential drivers of cultural change and their interactions. The CLAFS hypothesis can be tested with future paleoecological studies on new sedimentary sequences such as the new continuous and coherent record encompassing the last millennium from Rano Kao (KAO08-03) using a combination of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), charcoal, and fecal lipid analyses, at decadal to multidecadal resolution. The Kao record should be compared with other continuous records of the last millennium available for the two other freshwater bodies of the island, Rano Aroi and Rano Raraku, to obtain an island-wide perspective of spatio-temporal deforestation patterns in relation to climatic shifts and human activities. The CLAFS hypothesis predicts that the shift from the AC to the BC was associated with the drying out and deforestation of Rano Raraku (the center of the AC) by ~1,570 CE, followed by human migration to Rano Kao (the social center of the BC), where freshwater and forests were still available. Under the CLAFS scenario, this migration would have occurred by ~1,600 CE. Findings to the contrary would require modification and refinement, or outright rejection, of the CLAFS hypothesis and the consideration of alternate hypotheses compatible with new paleoecological evidence. Regardless the final results, archeological evidence will be required to link climatic and ecological events with cultural developments.
KW - Age-depth model
KW - Cultural change
KW - Deforestation
KW - Easter Island
KW - Last millennium
KW - Radiocarbon dating
KW - Rapa Nui
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85046634838&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fevo.2018.00032
DO - 10.3389/fevo.2018.00032
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85046634838
SN - 2296-701X
VL - 6
JO - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
JF - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
IS - APR
M1 - 32
ER -