Circulating surfactant protein-D and the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

Aims Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is a lung-specific protein that is detectable in human plasma. We determined the relationship of circulating SP-D to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and total mortality in subjects with and without CVD. Methods and resultsPlasma SP-D levels were measured in 806 patients who underwent coronary angiography to assess its predictive value for cardiovascular mortality. Serum SP-D levels were also measured in a replication cohort to assess its relationship with CVD events in 4468 ex-and current smokers without a known history of coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients who died during follow-up had significantly higher plasma SP-D levels than those who survived (median 85.4 vs. 64.8 ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Those in the highest quintile of SP-D had 4.4-fold higher risk of CVD mortality than those in the lowest quintile (P < 0.0001) independent of age, sex, and plasma lipid levels. In a group of current and ex-smokers without a known history of CAD, serum SP-D levels were elevated in those who died or were hospitalized for CVD compared with those who did not (median 99.8 vs. 90.6 ng/mL; P 0.0001). Conclusion Circulating SP-D is a good predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and adds prognostic information to well-established risk factors such as age, sex, and plasma lipids and is a promising biomarker to link lung inflammation/injury to CVD.