Carbon fluxes and soil carbon dynamics along a gradient of biogeomorphic succession in alpine wetlands of Tibetan Plateau

Hydrological changes under climate warming drive the biogeomorphic succession of wetlands and may trigger substantial carbon loss from the carbon-rich ecosystems. Although many studies have explored the responses of wetland carbon emissions to short-term hydrological change, it remains poorly understood how the carbon cycle evolves with hydrology-driven wetland succession. Here, we used a space-for-time approach across hydrological gradients on the Tibetan Plateau to examine the dynamics of ecosystem carbon fluxes (carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄)) and soil organic carbon pools during alpine wetland succession. We found that the succession from mesic meadow to fen changed the seasonality of both CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes, which was related to the shift in plant community composition, enhanced regulation of soil hydrology and increasing contribution of spring-thaw emission. The paludification caused a switch from net uptake of gaseous carbon to net release on an annual timescale but produced a large accumulation of soil organic carbon. We attempted to attribute the paradox between evidence from the carbon fluxes and pools to the lateral carbon input and the systematic changes of historical climate, given that the wetlands are spatially low-lying with strong temporal climate-carbon cycle interactions. These findings demonstrate a systematic change in the carbon cycle with succession and suggest that biogeomorphic succession and lateral carbon flows are both important for understanding the long-term dynamics of wetland carbon footprints.