Biology vs. ecology: a longitudinal examination of sleep, development, and a change in school start times

Lisa J. Meltzer, Amy E. Plog, Kyla L. Wahlstrom, Matthew J. Strand

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

8 Scopus citations

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Secondary school start times are associated with student sleep and daytime functioning; however, no study examining this association has included linked longitudinal data for both primary and secondary students. To understand the interplay between biology (ie, normal developmental changes in sleep) and ecology (ie, school start times), this study examined sleep and daytime functioning in elementary/primary and secondary school students over a three-year period that included changes to school start times.

METHODS: Students (grades 3-10, n = 6168) and parents (for student grades Kindergarten-2, n = 2772) completed annual surveys before (pre-change) and for two-years after (post-change, follow-up) implementation of new school start times (elementary/primary: 60 min earlier, secondary: 50-80 min later). Participants were 48.9% female, 65.5% White, and 16.2% qualified for free/reduced lunch.

RESULTS: With new school start times, significant changes were found for weekday wake times and sleep duration; elementary/primary students woke earlier (23 min) and obtained less sleep (14 min), while secondary students woke later (44 min) and obtained more sleep (31 min). Small changes in weekend sleep duration (<7 min) were found across levels. Secondary school students had significant improvements in daytime functioning post-change, due in part to changes in sleep duration. Minimal changes in elementary/primary students' daytime functioning was found, despite shorter sleep duration.

CONCLUSIONS: School start times are a significant factor in weekday wake times for students across grade levels, while later bedtimes are more a factor of normal development. Later start times positively affected secondary students' daytime functioning, with non-significant findings for earlier elementary/primary start times.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)176-184
Number of pages9
JournalSleep Medicine
Volume90
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Evidence for Action program (grant #75277 ). The study does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors

Keywords

  • Elementary
  • Health policy
  • Longitudinal
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Sleep
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Biology
  • Students
  • Time Factors
  • Female
  • Child
  • Schools

PubMed: MeSH publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Journal Article

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