Bio-mitigation of carbon dioxide using microalgal systems: Advances and perspectives

Carbon sequestration is an important strategy in combating rising carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Differing from carbon emission reduction, carbon sequestration offers the possibilities of reducing or avoiding CO₂ emission if CO₂ is to be captured from large stationary sources and utilization of the captured CO₂ for production of chemical and energy. Biological sequestration or bio-mitigation of carbons through microalgal systems, despite in its early stage, represents a promising and sustainable alternative to current carbon mitigation methods. Microalgae consist of a group of highly diverse and fast-growing microorganisms, capable of photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy. They can be cultivated on non-fertile land with unit CO₂ fixation capacity 10–50 times higher than terrestrial plants. Production of food, feed, fine chemicals, and biofuels from microalgal biomass could further enhance the benefits of microalgae-based CO₂ fixation. This present review is aimed to gain understanding how microalgae assimilate different forms of carbons and provide a comprehensive overview of the current advances in utilizing microalgae for CO₂ fixation, with focus on strain screening and improvement, mass cultivation practice, and effects of environmental and nutritional factors on CO₂ fixation performance. Economic viability, challenges and perspectives of microalgae-mediated CO₂ bio-mitigation are also discussed.