Begomovirus disease management measures, now and then

The diseases caused by genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) are limiting factors in the sustainable crop production throughout the world and majorly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Furthermore, liberalization of agriculture led to change in the agricultural practices and developed significant opportunities for whitefly-borne begomoviruses to disseminate subsequently to newer climatic zones of the favorable environment. As a result, they negate the subsistence agriculture as well as the socioeconomic of the geographic area where they intrude. Consequently, the crop production failure led to considerable financial losses and food insecurity not only for resource-poor directly dependent farmers of developing nations but also indirectly for the developed nations, and therefore management of begomoviruses is essential. As there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach for management of begomovirus diseases, thus together with the prophylactic measures, in the modern era, the integrated pest management strategies (IPMS) have come into existence to provide developing sustainable and environment-friendly novel approaches to limit the crop losses. The present compilation of leading researches in this realm would provide the vast view and understanding of begomovirus diseases and a glimpse of approaches employed for management of begomovirus disease in Asia and Africa, where they greatly affect agriculture.