TY - JOUR
T1 - Automated Demand Response for Smart Buildings and Microgrids
T2 - The State of the Practice and Research Challenges
AU - Samad, Tariq
AU - Koch, Edward
AU - Stluka, Petr
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 IEEE.
PY - 2016/4
Y1 - 2016/4
N2 - Keeping up with growing electricity demand and ensuring reliable grid operation, as renewable sources reach a large proportion of generation, require end-use facilities - commercial, residential, and industrial - to be sensitive and responsive to grid connections in new ways. Automated demand response (ADR) is widely acknowledged as a key approach. The technology has progressed substantially since early implementations, with worldwide projects and a new standard. Recent applications with grid-integrated buildings and microgrids are extending the functionality, with increasing sophistication of how demand-side load profiles are managed and with integration of distributed storage and generation. This paper reviews the motivation for demand response (DR) and outlines the architectural models, technology infrastructure, and communication and control protocols that are currently in use. Four projects for commercial buildings and microgrids, in the United States, United Kingdom, and China, are described. We also point out limitations of the state of the practice that represent opportunities for research and development. Several research topics are noted, focusing on needs for modeling, optimization, and control, and some preliminary related work is discussed.
AB - Keeping up with growing electricity demand and ensuring reliable grid operation, as renewable sources reach a large proportion of generation, require end-use facilities - commercial, residential, and industrial - to be sensitive and responsive to grid connections in new ways. Automated demand response (ADR) is widely acknowledged as a key approach. The technology has progressed substantially since early implementations, with worldwide projects and a new standard. Recent applications with grid-integrated buildings and microgrids are extending the functionality, with increasing sophistication of how demand-side load profiles are managed and with integration of distributed storage and generation. This paper reviews the motivation for demand response (DR) and outlines the architectural models, technology infrastructure, and communication and control protocols that are currently in use. Four projects for commercial buildings and microgrids, in the United States, United Kingdom, and China, are described. We also point out limitations of the state of the practice that represent opportunities for research and development. Several research topics are noted, focusing on needs for modeling, optimization, and control, and some preliminary related work is discussed.
KW - Automated demand response
KW - OpenADR
KW - building automation
KW - control systems
KW - demand-side management
KW - energy efficiency
KW - energy management
KW - microgrids
KW - smart grids
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84959387504&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84959387504&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/JPROC.2016.2520639
DO - 10.1109/JPROC.2016.2520639
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84959387504
VL - 104
SP - 726
EP - 744
JO - Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
JF - Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
SN - 0018-9219
IS - 4
M1 - 7416149
ER -