ATP functions as a primary alarmin in allergen-induced type 2 immunity

Scott M. O'Grady, Hirohito Kita

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

Environmental allergens that interact with the airway epithelium can activate cellular stress pathways that lead to the release of danger signals known as alarmins. The mechanisms of alarmin release are distinct from damage-Associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which typically escape from cells after loss of plasma membrane integrity. Oxidative stress represents a form of allergen-induced cellular stress that stimulates oxidant-sensing mechanisms coupled to pathways, which facilitate alarmin mobilization and efflux across the plasma membrane. In this review, we highlight examples of alarmin release and discuss their roles in the initiation of type 2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation. In addition, we discuss the concept of alarmin amplification, where "primary" alarmins, which are directly released in response to a specific cellular stress, stimulate additional signaling pathways that lead to secretion of "secondary" alarmins that include proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-33, as well as genomic and mitochondrial DNA that coordinate or amplify type 2 immunity. Accordingly, allergen-evoked cellular stress can elicit a hierarchy of alarmin signaling responses from the airway epithelium that trigger local innate immune reactions, impact adaptive immunity, and exacerbate diseases including asthma and other chronic inflammatory conditions that affect airway function.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)C1369-C1386
JournalAmerican Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology
Volume325
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 2023

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 American Physiological Society. All rights reserved.

Keywords

  • Asthma
  • DNA
  • IL-33
  • Inflammation
  • Oxidative stress

PubMed: MeSH publication types

  • Journal Article
  • Review
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

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