Antimalarial, antiviral, and antitoxoplasmosis norsesterterpene peroxide acids from the red sea sponge Diacarnus erythraeanus

A new norsesterterpene acid, named muqubilone (1), along with the known sigmosceptrellin-B and muqubilin were isolated from the Red Sea sponge Diacarnus erythraeanus. The structure determination of 1 was based primarily on 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Sigmosceptrellin-B exhibits significant in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (D6 and W2 clones) with IC₅₀ values of 1200 and 3400 ng/mL, respectively. Muqubilin and 1 show in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) with ED₅₀ values of 7.5 and 30 μg/mL, respectively. Muqubilin and sigmosceptrellin-B display potent in vitro activity against Toxoplasma gondii at a concentration of 0.1 μM without significant toxicity.