An Exploratory Study of Custody Challenges Experienced by Affirming Mothers of Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Children

Family courts have lacked familiarity with evidence-based recommendations regarding the best interests of transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) children, resulting in some affirming parents losing physical and/or legal custody. This exploratory, qualitative study with 10 affirming mothers of TGNC children who had experienced custody-related challenges reported on salient themes, including “blame” for causing children's gender nonconformity, coercion by ex-partners, bias in the courts, negative impact on children, emotional and financial toll on participants, and the critical importance of adequate resources. Findings indicate the need for better-educated family court professionals, as well as socioemotional support and financial and legal assistance for affirming parents of TGNC children.