Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of insulinproducing beta cells and dependence on exogenous insulin for survival. Some interventions have delayed the loss of insulin production in patients with type 1 diabetes, but interventions that might affect clinical progression before diagnosis are needed. METHODS We conducted a phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of teplizumab (an Fc receptor-nonbinding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody) involving relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes who did not have diabetes but were at high risk for development of clinical disease. Patients were randomly assigned to a single 14-day course of teplizumab or placebo, and follow-up for progression to clinical type 1 diabetes was performed with the use of oral glucose-tolerance tests at 6-month intervals. RESULTS A total of 76 participants (55 [72%] of whom were =18 years of age) underwent randomization-44 to the teplizumab group and 32 to the placebo group. The median time to the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes was 48.4 months in the teplizumab group and 24.4 months in the placebo group; the disease was diagnosed in 19 (43%) of the participants who received teplizumab and in 23 (72%) of those who received placebo. The hazard ratio for the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (teplizumab vs. placebo) was 0.41 (95% confidence interval, 0.22 to 0.78; P=0.006 by adjusted Cox proportional-hazards model). The annualized rates of diagnosis of diabetes were 14.9% per year in the teplizumab group and 35.9% per year in the placebo group. There were expected adverse events of rash and transient lymphopenia. KLRG1+TIGIT+CD8+ T cells were more common in the teplizumab group than in the placebo group. Among the participants who were HLA-DR3-negative, HLA-DR4-positive, or anti-zinc transporter 8 antibody-negative, fewer participants in the teplizumab group than in the placebo group had diabetes diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Teplizumab delayed progression to clinical type 1 diabetes in high-risk participants. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01030861.).
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 603-613 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | New England Journal of Medicine |
| Volume | 381 |
| Issue number | 7 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Aug 15 2019 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The trial was developed and conducted by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. MacroGenics was the holder of the investigational new drug application at the start of the trial. Currently, Provention Bio holds the application, and employees of Provention Bio reviewed the manuscript before submission.
Funding Information:
Supported by the National Institutes of Health through the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, through cooperative agreements U01 DK061010, U01 DK061034, U01 DK061042, U01 DK061058, U01 DK085453, U01 DK085461, U01 DK085465, U01 DK085466, U01 DK085476, U01 DK085499, U01 DK085504, U01 DK085509, U01 DK103153, U01 DK103180, U01 DK103266, U01 DK103282, U01 DK106984, U01 DK106994, U01 DK107013, U01 DK107014, UC4 DK097835, and UC4 DK106993; the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation; and the American Diabetes As- sociation. Additional support for clinical studies was provided by the National Center for Research Resources through Clinical Translational Science Awards UL1TR000142, UL1TR002366, UL1TR000445, UL1TR000064, UL1TR002537, UL1TR001082, UL1TR000114, UL1TR001857, UL1TR002529, UL1TR001872 and by the Immune Tolerance Network (UM1 AI09565). MacroGen-ics donated the study agents and provided funds for additional site monitoring.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society.
