Abstract
Background & Aims: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a novel tumor suppressor and interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) exerts an antiproliferative effect on tumor cells through up-regulation of IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and the downstream IFN-stimulated genes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect and mechanism of ATRA on XAF1 expression and the role of XAF1 in ATRA-induced growth inhibition in colon cancer. Methods: Gene expression is detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. The transcription activity of XAF1 promoter is examined by luciferase reporter assay. The activity of IFN regulatory factor binding element (IRF-E) is assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Cell growth is evaluated by both in vitro and in vivo in nude mice xenografts. Results: IFN-alfa stimulates XAF1 promoter activity in the colon cancer cells Lovo and SW1116 dose-dependently. An IRF-1 binding element (IRF-E-XAF1) is found in the -30 to -38 nucleotide region upstream of the ATG initiator codon of the XAF1 gene. Site-directed mutagenesis of IRF-E-XAF1 abrogates native and IFN-induced promoter activity and binding capacity. ATRA induces XAF1 expression both in vitro and in vivo through interaction with IRF-E-XAF1. Overexpression of XAF1 increases cell susceptibility to ATRA-induced growth suppression both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the effect of ATRA on XAF1 expression is independent of the promoter methylation and the subcellular distribution of XIAP. Conclusions: XAF1 participates in ATRA-induced growth suppression through IRF-1-mediated transcriptional regulation.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 747-758 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | Gastroenterology |
Volume | 130 |
Issue number | 3 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 2006 |
Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Supported by grants from the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKU 7482/03M), and the Gastroenterological Research Fund of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Copyright:
Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.