Adverse childhood experiences among parents in prison: Implications for parenting

Objective: This study examined rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among parents of at least one minor child compared to nonparents in prison, and, among parents, mothers compared to fathers. We then assessed associations between ACEs and seven parenting variables (e.g., contact with children, interest in parenting classes). Background: High rates of adverse and traumatic childhood experiences are documented among general prison samples. Little is known about ACEs specifically among parents in prison and possible impacts on parenting. Method: Participants were 1,157 parents of at least one minor child (919 fathers, 198 mothers) and 549 nonparents from adult prisons in a Midwestern U.S. state. Measures were part of a larger needs and responsivity survey in 2021. Results: Overall, 86% of individuals endorsed at least one ACE. Parents and nonparents reported similar levels of ACEs. Fathers endorsing more ACEs reported more challenges in parenting across six of seven variables. No statistically significant associations were found for mothers. Conclusion: Findings underscore the need for both general and parenting-focused prison programs and practices to address the ubiquity of childhood trauma among those incarcerated. Implications: Prison-based parenting interventions can be designed and tailored to respond to and disrupt intergenerational patterns of trauma, especially for fathers.