Advances in respiratory monitoring

This article provides a review of the current state-of-the-art invasive and noninvasive methods of monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide. Topics discussed include principles of oxygen and carbon dioxide measurement and a variety of invasive, noninvasive, and ventilation monitors. Although the future of some of these techniques is exciting, these monitors will have to prove their value in improving patient outcome or in decreasing overall costs of care if they are to be employed extensively in the future.