Abrupt holocene climate transitions in the northern north atlantic region recorded by synchronized lacustrine records in iceland

Two high-sediment-accumulation-rate Icelandic lakes, the glacial lake Hvítárvatn and the non-glacial lake Haukadalsvatn, contain numerous tephra layers of known age, which together with high-resolution paleomagnetic secular variations allow synchronization with a well-dated marine core from the shelf north of Iceland. A composite standardized climate record from the two lakes provides a single time series that efficiently integrates multi-proxy data that reflect the evolution of summer temperatures through the Holocene. The first-order trends in biogenic silica (BSi), δ¹³C, and C:N rise relatively abruptly following deglaciation, reaching maximum values shortly after 8ka following a complex minimum between 8.7 and 8.0ka. The Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) in the lakes is marked by all proxies, with a sharp transition out of the 8ka cold event into peak summer warmth by 7.9ka, and continuing warm with some fluctuations until 5.5ka. Decreasing summer insolation after the HTM is reflected by incremental cooling, initially ~5.5ka, with subsequent cold perturbations recorded by all proxies 4.3 to 4.0ka and 3.1 to 2.8ka. The strongest disturbance occurred after 2ka with initial summer cooling occurring between 1.4 and 1.0ka, followed by a more severe drop in summer temperatures after 0.7ka culminating between 0.5 and 0.2ka. Following each late Holocene cold departure, BSi re-equilibrated at a lower value independent of the sediment accumulation rate. Some of the abrupt shifts may be related to Icelandic volcanism influencing catchment stability, but the lack of a full recovery to pre-existing values after the perturbation suggests increased periglacial activity, decreased vegetation cover, and glacier growth in the highlands of Iceland. The similarity in timing, direction and magnitude of our multi-proxy records from glacial and non-glacial lakes, and from the adjacent marine shelf, suggests that our composite record reflects large-scale shifts in ocean/atmosphere circulation throughout the northern North Atlantic.