A systematic review of technology-infused physical activity interventions in K-12 school settings: effectiveness, roles, and implementation strategies

Background: Rapid technological advancements have rendered many prior reviews of technology-integrated physical activity (PA) interventions in K–12 schools obsolete. A comprehensive analysis examining both the effects of these interventions and the specific roles that technology plays has been notably lacking. This review aimed to systematically examine the effects of technology-infused PA interventions and identify the specific types, roles, and contextual applications of technology within K–12 schools. Methods: This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough search across seven electronic databases (CINAHL, ERIC/EBSCOhost, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) included studies published up to May 20, 2024. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-RCTs, or rigorous quasi-experimental designs with matched/statistically controlled comparisons (N-RCTs) examining technology-infused PA interventions for school-aged children and adolescents were considered. Results: Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria. Wearable devices (e.g., accelerometers) were the most used for PA measurement. Other technologies like web-based platforms, mobile applications, and exergaming served as educational tools, communication platforms, or core intervention components. Interventions occurred primarily in classrooms, followed by physical education spaces, and extended to home/online environments, school breaks (e.g., recess), and before-school time. Overall, interventions positively affected PA levels and related outcomes (e.g., PA enjoyment), though effectiveness varied by technology type, design, and context. Conclusions: Technology holds substantial potential to enhance PA promotion in schools, but its effectiveness hinges on well-designed interventions that consider the specific types and applications of technology.