A retrospective cohort study of 12,306 pediatric COVID-19 patients in the United States

Vibhu Parcha, Katherine S. Booker, Rajat Kalra, Seth Kuranz, Lorenzo Berra, Garima Arora, Pankaj Arora

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82 Scopus citations

Abstract

Children and adolescents account for ~ 13% of total COVID-19 cases in the United States. However, little is known about the nature of the illness in children. The reopening of schools underlines the importance of understanding the epidemiology of pediatric COVID-19 infections. We sought to assess the clinical characteristics and outcomes in pediatric COVID-19 patients. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from healthcare organizations in the United States. The study outcomes (hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, critical care) were assessed using logistic regression. The subgroups of sex and race were compared after propensity score matching. Among 12,306 children with lab-confirmed COVID-19, 16.5% presented with respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea), 13.9% had gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), 8.1% had dermatological symptoms (rash), 4.8% had neurological (headache), and 18.8% had other non-specific symptoms (fever, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia and disturbances of smell or taste). In the study cohort, the hospitalization frequency was 5.3%, with 17.6% needing critical care services and 4.1% requiring mechanical ventilation. Following propensity score matching, the risk of all outcomes was similar between males and females. Following propensity score matching, the risk of hospitalization was greater in non-Hispanic Black (RR 1.97 [95% CI 1.49–2.61]) and Hispanic children (RR 1.31 [95% CI 1.03–1.78]) compared with non-Hispanic Whites. In the pediatric population infected with COVID-19, a substantial proportion were hospitalized due to the illness and developed adverse clinical outcomes.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number10231
JournalScientific reports
Volume11
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Award [5K23HL146887-02] to Dr. Pankaj Arora. Dr. Lorenzo Berra is supported by the National Institutes of Health/ National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Award 5K23HL128882-03. Role of Funder: The funding agency had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).

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