Abstract
Rationale Compensatory smoking may represent an adverse consequence of smoking reduction or the use of reducednicotine tobacco products. Factors contributing to individual variability in compensation are poorly understood. Objective The objective of this study was to examine whether severity of nicotine withdrawal as measured by elevated intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds is related to individual differences in compensatory nicotine self-administration (NSA) following unit dose reduction. Methods Rats were trained for ICSS and NSA (0.06 mg/kg per infusion). After stabilization, effects of reducing the nicotine unit dose to 0.03 mg/kg per infusion were examined. Following reacquisition of NSA (0.06 mg/kg per infusion), effects of antagonist-precipitated withdrawal and saline extinction (spontaneous withdrawal) were examined. Results Reducing the NSA unit dose produced partial compensation as indicated by the increased infusion rates, but a 35% mean decrease in daily nicotine intake. The magnitude of compensation varied considerably among rats. Dose reduction did not elicit withdrawal in rats as a group, although there were substantial increases in ICSS thresholds in some animals. Intracranial self-stimulation thresholds were consistently elevated during precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal, confirming that rats were nicotine-dependent. Individual differences in compensation were not correlated with changes in ICSS thresholds during dose reduction, precipitated withdrawal, or spontaneous withdrawal. In a secondary analysis, greater precipitated withdrawal severity predicted greater initial nicotine seeking during extinction. Conclusions Severity of nicotine withdrawal was not related to the degree of compensation in this protocol. These data do not support a role for nicotine withdrawal in individual differences in compensation during reduced nicotine exposure, but do suggest that withdrawal may contribute to nicotine seeking during early abstinence.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 153-166 |
| Number of pages | 14 |
| Journal | Psychopharmacology |
| Volume | 217 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 2011 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Acknowledgments Supported by NIH grants T32 DA 07097 (NIDA), F32 DA021935 (NIDA), and P50-DA013333 (NIDA/NCI) and the Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation Translational Addiction Research Program. We would also like to thank Dr. Athina Markou for her helpful advice at the early stages of this research and for providing the opportunity to train with members of her laboratory (especially Jessica Chevrette) in the ICSS methodology.
Keywords
- Compensation
- Intracranial selfstimulation
- Nicotine
- Self-administration
- Tobacco harm reduction
- Withdrawal