25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with fatal stroke among whites but not blacks: The NHANES-III linked mortality files

Erin D. Michos; Jared P. Reis; Wendy S. Post; Pamela L. Lutsey; Rebecca F. Gottesman; Thomas H. Mosley; A. Richey Sharrett; Michal L. Melamed

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.015

25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with fatal stroke among whites but not blacks: The NHANES-III linked mortality files

Erin D. Michos, Jared P. Reis, Wendy S. Post, Pamela L. Lutsey, Rebecca F. Gottesman, Thomas H. Mosley, A. Richey Sharrett, Michal L. Melamed

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Abstract

Objective: Deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. 25(OH)D deficiency and stroke are more prevalent in blacks. We examined whether low 25(OH)D contributes to the excess risk of fatal stroke in blacks compared with whites. Methods: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a probability sample of U.S. civilians, measured 25(OH)D levels and CVD risk factors from 1988 through 1994. Vital status through December 2006 was obtained by a linkage with the National Death Index. In white and black adults without CVD reported at baseline (n = 7981), Cox regression models were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for fatal stroke by 25(OH)D status and race. Results: During a median of 14.1 y, there were 116 and 60 fatal strokes in whites and blacks, respectively. The risk of fatal stroke was greater in blacks compared with whites in models adjusted for socioeconomic status and CVD risk factors (HR 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.53). Mean baseline 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in blacks compared with whites (19.4 versus 30.8 ng/mL, respectively). In multivariable-adjusted models, deficient 25(OH)D levels lower than 15 ng/mL were associated with fatal stroke in whites (HR 2.13, 1.01-4.50) but not blacks (HR 0.93, 0.49-1.80). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of stroke death in whites but not in blacks. Although blacks had a higher rate of fatal stroke compared with whites, the low 25(OH)D levels in blacks were unrelated to stroke incidence. Therefore 25(OH)D levels did not explain this excess risk.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	367-371
Number of pages	5
Journal	Nutrition
Volume	28
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.015
State	Published - Apr 2012

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
In summary, observational studies and biologic plausibility support a potential role for low vitamin D in the etiology of cerebrovascular disease. However, it is currently unknown whether vitamin D supplementation at adequate doses can prevent stroke outcomes and whether there are racial differences in treatment effect. The large-scale Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) study funded by the National Institutes of Health, which began recruiting in 2010, will study this relation [31] . The investigators plan to enroll 20 000 men (>60 y old) and women (>65 y old) in the USA without CVD, one-fourth of whom will be black. The participants will be randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to daily dietary supplements of vitamin D (2000 IU, a dose larger than those studied thus far) , fish oil (1 g of ω-3 fatty acids), their combination, or placebos. The primary outcomes include cancer and CVD incidence and mortality (including stroke) during a 5-year follow-up period.

Keywords

Racial differences
Stroke
Vitamin D

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.015

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title = "25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with fatal stroke among whites but not blacks: The NHANES-III linked mortality files",

abstract = "Objective: Deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. 25(OH)D deficiency and stroke are more prevalent in blacks. We examined whether low 25(OH)D contributes to the excess risk of fatal stroke in blacks compared with whites. Methods: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a probability sample of U.S. civilians, measured 25(OH)D levels and CVD risk factors from 1988 through 1994. Vital status through December 2006 was obtained by a linkage with the National Death Index. In white and black adults without CVD reported at baseline (n = 7981), Cox regression models were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for fatal stroke by 25(OH)D status and race. Results: During a median of 14.1 y, there were 116 and 60 fatal strokes in whites and blacks, respectively. The risk of fatal stroke was greater in blacks compared with whites in models adjusted for socioeconomic status and CVD risk factors (HR 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.53). Mean baseline 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in blacks compared with whites (19.4 versus 30.8 ng/mL, respectively). In multivariable-adjusted models, deficient 25(OH)D levels lower than 15 ng/mL were associated with fatal stroke in whites (HR 2.13, 1.01-4.50) but not blacks (HR 0.93, 0.49-1.80). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of stroke death in whites but not in blacks. Although blacks had a higher rate of fatal stroke compared with whites, the low 25(OH)D levels in blacks were unrelated to stroke incidence. Therefore 25(OH)D levels did not explain this excess risk.",

keywords = "Racial differences, Stroke, Vitamin D",

author = "Michos, {Erin D.} and Reis, {Jared P.} and Post, {Wendy S.} and Lutsey, {Pamela L.} and Gottesman, {Rebecca F.} and Mosley, {Thomas H.} and Sharrett, {A. Richey} and Melamed, {Michal L.}",

note = "Funding Information: In summary, observational studies and biologic plausibility support a potential role for low vitamin D in the etiology of cerebrovascular disease. However, it is currently unknown whether vitamin D supplementation at adequate doses can prevent stroke outcomes and whether there are racial differences in treatment effect. The large-scale Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) study funded by the National Institutes of Health, which began recruiting in 2010, will study this relation [31] . The investigators plan to enroll 20 000 men (>60 y old) and women (>65 y old) in the USA without CVD, one-fourth of whom will be black. The participants will be randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to daily dietary supplements of vitamin D (2000 IU, a dose larger than those studied thus far) , fish oil (1 g of ω-3 fatty acids), their combination, or placebos. The primary outcomes include cancer and CVD incidence and mortality (including stroke) during a 5-year follow-up period. ",

year = "2012",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.015",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "28",

pages = "367--371",

journal = "Nutrition",

issn = "0899-9007",

publisher = "Dimon Industries",

number = "4",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with fatal stroke among whites but not blacks

T2 - The NHANES-III linked mortality files

AU - Michos, Erin D.

AU - Reis, Jared P.

AU - Post, Wendy S.

AU - Lutsey, Pamela L.

AU - Gottesman, Rebecca F.

AU - Mosley, Thomas H.

AU - Sharrett, A. Richey

AU - Melamed, Michal L.

N1 - Funding Information: In summary, observational studies and biologic plausibility support a potential role for low vitamin D in the etiology of cerebrovascular disease. However, it is currently unknown whether vitamin D supplementation at adequate doses can prevent stroke outcomes and whether there are racial differences in treatment effect. The large-scale Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) study funded by the National Institutes of Health, which began recruiting in 2010, will study this relation [31] . The investigators plan to enroll 20 000 men (>60 y old) and women (>65 y old) in the USA without CVD, one-fourth of whom will be black. The participants will be randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to daily dietary supplements of vitamin D (2000 IU, a dose larger than those studied thus far) , fish oil (1 g of ω-3 fatty acids), their combination, or placebos. The primary outcomes include cancer and CVD incidence and mortality (including stroke) during a 5-year follow-up period.

PY - 2012/4

Y1 - 2012/4

N2 - Objective: Deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. 25(OH)D deficiency and stroke are more prevalent in blacks. We examined whether low 25(OH)D contributes to the excess risk of fatal stroke in blacks compared with whites. Methods: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a probability sample of U.S. civilians, measured 25(OH)D levels and CVD risk factors from 1988 through 1994. Vital status through December 2006 was obtained by a linkage with the National Death Index. In white and black adults without CVD reported at baseline (n = 7981), Cox regression models were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for fatal stroke by 25(OH)D status and race. Results: During a median of 14.1 y, there were 116 and 60 fatal strokes in whites and blacks, respectively. The risk of fatal stroke was greater in blacks compared with whites in models adjusted for socioeconomic status and CVD risk factors (HR 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.53). Mean baseline 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in blacks compared with whites (19.4 versus 30.8 ng/mL, respectively). In multivariable-adjusted models, deficient 25(OH)D levels lower than 15 ng/mL were associated with fatal stroke in whites (HR 2.13, 1.01-4.50) but not blacks (HR 0.93, 0.49-1.80). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of stroke death in whites but not in blacks. Although blacks had a higher rate of fatal stroke compared with whites, the low 25(OH)D levels in blacks were unrelated to stroke incidence. Therefore 25(OH)D levels did not explain this excess risk.

AB - Objective: Deficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. 25(OH)D deficiency and stroke are more prevalent in blacks. We examined whether low 25(OH)D contributes to the excess risk of fatal stroke in blacks compared with whites. Methods: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a probability sample of U.S. civilians, measured 25(OH)D levels and CVD risk factors from 1988 through 1994. Vital status through December 2006 was obtained by a linkage with the National Death Index. In white and black adults without CVD reported at baseline (n = 7981), Cox regression models were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for fatal stroke by 25(OH)D status and race. Results: During a median of 14.1 y, there were 116 and 60 fatal strokes in whites and blacks, respectively. The risk of fatal stroke was greater in blacks compared with whites in models adjusted for socioeconomic status and CVD risk factors (HR 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.53). Mean baseline 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in blacks compared with whites (19.4 versus 30.8 ng/mL, respectively). In multivariable-adjusted models, deficient 25(OH)D levels lower than 15 ng/mL were associated with fatal stroke in whites (HR 2.13, 1.01-4.50) but not blacks (HR 0.93, 0.49-1.80). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of stroke death in whites but not in blacks. Although blacks had a higher rate of fatal stroke compared with whites, the low 25(OH)D levels in blacks were unrelated to stroke incidence. Therefore 25(OH)D levels did not explain this excess risk.

KW - Racial differences

KW - Stroke

KW - Vitamin D

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U2 - 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.015

DO - 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.015

M3 - Article

C2 - 22261577

AN - SCOPUS:84858288205

SN - 0899-9007

VL - 28

SP - 367

EP - 371

JO - Nutrition

JF - Nutrition

IS - 4

ER -

25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with fatal stroke among whites but not blacks: The NHANES-III linked mortality files

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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