Areas of interest include environmental assessment and bioindicators, impacts of climate change, decision making in the environmental sciences. Research projects include: effects of multiple stressors on aquatic communities; testing indicators of coastal ecosystem integrity; predicting impacts of climate change on stream communities.

Graduate Faculty, Water Resources Science and Integrated Biological Science, 2000 - present

Instructor, University of Minnesota Duluth; Landscape Ecology, Stream Ecology

• Fang, X., P.C. Jacobson, L Jiang, W.R. Herb, H.G. Stefan, D.L. Pereira, L.B. Johnson. Understanding Effects of Climate Change and Eutrophication on Fish Habitat in Glacial Lakes of the Midwest States and Management Strategies. Chapter X, In: Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, 3^rd Edition. (in review).

  Alhering, M., M. Cornett, K. Blann, M. White, C. Lenhart, C. Dixon, M. Dudash, L.B. Johnson, B. Keeler, B. Palik, J.Pastor, R. Sterner, D. Shaw, R. Biske, N. Freeken, J. Manolis, H. Possingham. 2020. A conservation Science Agenda for a Changing Upper Midwest and Great Plains, USA. Conservation Science and Practice. In press. 

  Johnson, L.B., M. Cai, C.L. Chun, A. Hanson, G. Hudak, I. Kolomitsyn, S. Rao, B. Bernhardt, T. Deen, J. Henneck. 2019. Responding to Minnesota’s regulatory sulfate standard for wild rice. Pages 199-205, In: Wolkersdorfer, C., E. Khayrulina, S. Polyakova, A. Bogush (eds). Mine Water: Technological and Ecological Challenges. Proceedings of the International Mine Water Association. 

  Kovalenko, K.E., V.J. Brady, J.J.H. Ciborowski, G.E. Host, L.B. Johnson. 2019. Macroinvertebrate and fish community metrics: confounding effects and consistency over time. Wetlands. In press.

  Jacobson, P.C., G.J.A. Hansen, L.G. Olmanson, K.E. Wehrly, C.L. Hein, L.B. Johnson. 2019. Loss of coldwater fish habitat in glaciated lakes in Midwestern United States after a century of land use and climate change. American Fisheries Society Symposium 90:141-157. 

  Kovalenko, K.E., Johnson, L.B., Brady^, V.J., Ciborowski^, J.J.H., Cooper^, M.J., Gathman^, J.P., Lamberti^, G.A., Moerke^, A.H., Ruetz III, C.R., and Uzarski, D.G. 2019 Hotspots and bright spots in functional and taxonomic fish diversity. Freshwater Science 38(3):480-490

  Host, G.E., Kovalenko, K.E., Brown, T.N. Ciborowski^, J.J.H. and Johnson^, L.B.  2019. Risk-based classification and interactive map of watersheds contributing anthropogenic stress to Laurentian Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. J. Great Lakes Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.03.008

  Uzarski, D.G., Brady, V.J., Niemi, G.J., Ruetz, C., Wilcox, D., Cooper, M.J., Dennis, A., Ciborowski, J.J.H., Danz, N., Garwood, A., Grabas, G., Gehring, T.M., Howe, R. Lamberti, G. Moerke, A., Tozer, D., O’Donnell, T.K., Steinman, A., Johnson, L.B., Reder, T. 2018. Leveraging a landscape-level monitoring and assessment program for developing resilient shorelines throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes. Wetlands https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01139-w 

  Cooper, M.J., G.A. Lamberti, A.H. Moerke, C.R. Ruetz III, D.A. Wilcox, V.J. Brady, T.N. Brown, J.J.H. Ciborowski, J.P. Gathman, G.P. Grabas, L.B. Johnson, D.G. Uzarski. 2018. An expanded fish-based index of biotic integrity for Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190:580.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6950-6.

  Cormier, R. Stelzenmüller^, V., Creed^, I.F., Igras  J., Rambo, H., Callies^, U. , Johnson, L.B. 2018.The sciencepolicy interface of risk-based freshwater and marine management systems: From concepts to practical tools. J Environ Manage. 226:340-346. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.053.

  Kovalenko, K.E. L.B. Johnson, C.M. Riseng, M.J. Cooper, K. Johnson, L.A. Mason, J.E. McKenna, B. L. Sparks-Jackson, D.G. Uzarski. 2018.  Great Lakes coastal fish habitat classification and assessment. Journal of Great Lakes Research in press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2018.07.007

  O’Malia, E., L.B. Johnson, and J.C. Hoffman. 2018. Pathways and places associated with nonindigenous aquatic species introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Hydrobiologia 817:23-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3551-x

  Riseng, C.M., K. E. Wehrly, L Wang, E S. Rutherford, J E. McKenna, Jr., L B. Johnson, L A. Mason, C Castiglione, T P. Hollenhorst, B L. Sparks-Jackson, S P Sowa. 2018. Ecosystem classification and mapping of the Laurentian Great Lakes.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0242

  Uzarski, D. G., V.J. Brady, M.J. Cooper, D.A. Wilcox, D.A. Albert, R.P. Axler, PBostwick, T.N. Brown, J.J.H. Ciborowski, N.P. Danz, J.P. Gathman, T.M. Gehring, G.P. Grabas, A. Garwood, R.W. Howe, L.B. Johnson, G.A. Lambert, A.H. Moerke, B.A. Murry, G.J. Niemi, C.J. Norment, C.R. Ruetz III, A.D. Steinman, D.C. Tozer, R. Wheeler, T.K. O'Donnell, and J.P. Schneider.  2018. Standardized Measures of Coastal Wetland Condition: Implementation at a Laurentian Great Lakes Basin-Wide Scale. Wetlands 37:15-32.

  Alahuhta, J., M. Toivanen, J. Hjort,  F. Ecke, L.B. Johnson, L. Sass, J. Heino. 2017. Species richness and taxonomic distinctness of lake macrophytes along environmental gradients in two continents. Freshwater Biology 62(7):1194-1206. DOI: 10.1111/fwb.12936.   

  Alahuhta, J. A. Virtala, J. Hjort, F. Ecke, L.B. Johnson, L. Sass, J. Heino. 2017. Average niche breadths of species in lake macrophyte communities respond to ecological gradients variably in four regions on two continents. Oecologia 184: 219-235. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3847-y

  Kovalenko, K.E., E.D. Reavie, J.D. Allan, M. Cai, S.D.P. Smith and L.B. Johnson. 2017. Pelagic phytoplankton community change-points across nutrient gradients and in response to invasive mussels. Freshwater Biology 62(2): 366-381. DOI: 10.1111/fwb.12873.

  Alahuhta, J., F. Ecke, L.B. Johnson, L. Sass, and J. Heino. 2016. A comparative analysis reveals little evidence for niche conservatism in aquatic macrophytes among four areas on two continents. Oikos 126:136-148.

  Kovalenko, K.E., E.D. Reavie, J.D. Allan, M. Cai, S.D.P. Smith and L.B. Johnson. 2016. Pelagic phytoplankton community change-points across nutrient gradients and in response to invasive mussels. Freshwater Biology. 62(2): 366-381. 

  Olker, J.H., K.E. Kovalenko, J.J.H. Ciborowski, V.J. Brady, and L.B. Johnson 2016. Watershed land use and local habitat: implications for habitat assessment. Wetlands 36:311 – 321.

  Creed, I.F., Cormier, R., Laurent, K.L., Accatino, F., Igras, J., Friedman, K.B., Johnson, L.B., Crossman, J., Dillon, P.J., Trick, C.G. 2016. Call for formal integration of science and management systems to achieve sustainability of the Great Lakes. Bioscience. 66 (5):408-418.  

  Wang, L., Riseng, C. M. Mason, L.A., Wehrly, K.E., Rutherford, E.S., McKenna, Jr, J.E., Castiglione, C., Johnson, L. B., Infante, D. M., Sowa, S., Robertson, M., Schaeffer, J., Khoury, M. Gaiot, J., Hollenhorst, T., Brooks, C., M. Coscarelli. 2015. A hierarchical spatial classification and database for management, research, and policy making: the Great Lakes Aquatic Habitat Framework.  Journal of Great Lakes Research. 102:101-117

  Rohr, J.R., D.J. Civitello, P.W. Crumrine, N.T. Halstead, A.D. Miller, A.M. Schotthoefer, C. Stenoien, L.B. Johnson, and V.R. Beasley. 2015. Predator diversity, intraguild predation, and indirect effects drive parasite transmission PNAS 2015, doi:10.1073/pnas.1415971112

  Smith, S.D.P.^1*, McIntyre, P.B.², Halpern, B.S.³, Cooke, R.M.⁴, Marino, A.L.^1§, Boyer, G.L.⁵ Buchsbaum, A.⁶, Burton, G.A. Jr.⁷, Campbell, L.M.^8†, Ciborowski, J.J.H.⁹, Doran, P.J.¹⁰, Infante, D.M.¹¹, Johnson, L.B.¹², Read, J.G.¹, Rose, J.B.¹¹, Rutherford, E.S.¹³, Steinman, A.D.¹⁴, and Allan, J.D.¹ 2015. Rating impacts in a multi-stressor world: a quantitative assessment of 50 stressors affecting the Great Lakes. Ecological Applications doi:10.1890/14-0366.1

  Robinson, S J, Neitzel, D F, Moen, R A, Craft, M E, Hamilton, K E, Johnson, L B, Mulla, D J, Munderloh, U G, Redig, PT, Smith, K E, Turner, C L Umber, J K & Pelican, K M. 2014. Disease Risk in a Dynamic Environment: The Spread of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Minnesota, USA. EcoHealth 12(1):152-63

  Stueve, K.M, T.P. Hollenhorst, J.R. Kelly, L.B. Johnson, G.E. Host. 2014. High-resolution maps of foresturban watersheds present an opportunity for ecologists and managers. Landscape Ecology 30:313-323.

  Alahuhta, J., Johnson, L.B., Olker, J., Heino, J. 2014. Species sorting determines variation in the community composition of common and rare macrophytes at various spatial extents. Ecological Complexity 20:6068.

  Niemi, G.J., L.B. Johnson, R.W. Howe. 2014. Environmental indicators of land cover, land use, and landscape pattern.  In: Chapter 16. Environmental indicators of land cover, land use, and landscape pattern. Chapter 16, In Armon R. and O. Hanninen (eds.) Environmental Indicators, Springer-Verlag (invited). Pages 265-276.

  Herb, W. R., Johnson, L. B., Jacobson, P.C., and Stefan H. G.  2014. Projecting coldwater fish habitat in lakes of the glacial lakes region under changing land use and climate regimes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71(9):1334-1348.

  Kovalenko, K.E., V.J. Brady, J.J.H. Ciborowski, S. Ilyushkin, and Johnson, L.B. 2014. Functional changes in littoral macroinvertebrate communities in response to watershed-level anthropogenic stress. PLOS ONE DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101499

  Kovalenko, K.E., Brady, V.J., Brown, T.N., Ciborowski, J.J.H., Danz, N.P., Gathman, J.P. Host, G.E., Howe, R.W., Johnson, L.B., Niemi, G.J. and Reavie, E.D. 2014. Congruence of community thresholds in response to anthropogenic stressors in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands. Freshwater Science, 33(3):958-971.

  Olker, J.H., L.B. Johnson, R.P. Axler, C.M. Johnson. 2013. Factors influencing ultraviolet radiation dose to developing frogs in northern vernal pools. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 70(10):1429-1437.

  Jicha, T. M., L.B. Johnson, B.H. Hill, C.M. Elonen, and M.S. Pearson. 2013. Spatial and temporal patterns of nitrification rates in forested floodplain wet soils of Upper Mississippi River Pool 8. River Research and Applications. DOI: 10.1002/rra.2663

  Allan, J.D., P.B. McIntyre, S.D.P. Smith, B.S. Halpern, G.L. Boyerd, A. Buchsbaum, G.A. Burton, Jr. L. M. Campbell, W. L. Chadderton, Jan J. H. Ciborowski, P.J. Doran, T. Eder, D. M. Infante, L. B. Johnson, C.A. Joseph, A.L. Marino, A. Prusevich, J.G. Read, J.B. Rose, E.S. Rutherford, S.P. Sowa, and A.D. Steinman 2012.  Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystem services to enhance restoration effectiveness. PNAS 1213841110

  Host, G.E., T. Brown, T.P. Hollenhorst, L.B. Johnson, J.J.H. Ciborowski. 2011. High-resolution assessment and visualization of environmental stressors in the Lake Superior basin.  Aquatic Ecosystem Management and Health 14(4):376-385.

  Hollenhorst, T.P., L.B. Johnson, J.J.H. Ciborowski. 2011. Monitoring Land Cover Change in the Lake Superior Basin. Aquatic Ecosystem Management and Health 14(4): 433-442.

  Niemi, G.J., E.D. Reavie,G.S. Peterson, J.R. Kelly,C.A. Johnston, L.B. Johnson, R.W. Howe,G.E. Host,T.P. Hollenhorst,N.P. Danz,J.J.H. Ciborowski,T.N. Brown,V.J. Brady,R.P. Axler. 2011. An integrated approach to assessing multiple stressors in Lake Superior. Aquatic Ecosystem Management and Health 14(4):356-375.

  Schotthoefer, A. M., J. R. Rohr, R. A. Cole, A. V. Koehler, C. M. Johnson, L. B. Johnson, and V. R. Beasley. 2011.  Effects of wetland and landscape variables on parasite communities of Rana pipiens: links to anthropogenic change. Ecological Applications 21(4):1257-1271.

  Johnson, L.B. and G. E. Host.2010.Recent developments in landscape approaches for the study of aquatic ecosystems. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 25^th Anniversary Issue 29(1): 41-66.

  Merten EC, JC Finlay, LB Johnson, RM Newman, HG Stefan and B. Vondracek. 2010. Factors influencing wood mobilization in streams. Water Resources Research 46: W10514. 13 pp.  DOI:10.1029/2009WR008772

  Merten, E.C., Hemstad, N.A., Eggert, S.L., L.B. Johnson, R.K.Kolka, R.M. Newman, and B. Vondracek. 2009. Relations between fish abundances, summer temperatures, and forest harvest in a northern Minnesota stream system from 1997 to 2007.  Ecology of Freshwater Fish19:63-73.

  Hutchens, J. J. Jr., J.A. Schuldt, C. Richards, L.B. Johnson, G.E. Host, and D.H. Breneman. 2009. Multi-scale mechanistic indicators of stream macroinvertebrates. Ecological Indicators 9:1138-1150.

  Rohr, J.R., A.M. Schotthoefer, T.R. Raffel, H.J. Carrick, N. Halstead, J.T. Hoverman, C.M. Johnson, L.B. Johnson, C. Lieske, M.D. Piwoni, P.K. Schoff, V.R. Beasley. 2008. Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species. Nature 455(7217): 1235-1239

  Hollenhorst, T., T. Brown, G. E. Host, L.B. Johnson and J.J.H. Ciborowski. 2007. A Multiscale Watershed Approach to Indicator Development for Coastal Ecosystems of the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res. 33 (Special Issue 3):13-26.

  Bhagat, Y., Ciborowski, J.J.H., Johnson, L.B., Brady, V., D. Breneman, J. Schuldt, T. Hrabik, C. Richards, D. Uzarski and T. Burton. 2007. Testing a fish index of biotic integrity for Great Lakes coastal wetlands: stratification by plant zones. J. Great Lakes Research 33 (Special Issue 3): 224-235.

  Brady, V., J. Ciborowski, J. Holland, N. Danz, L. Johnson, D. Breneman, J. Gathman, T. Hrabik, J. Schuldt. 2007. Optimizing fishing time: One vs. two night fyke net sets in Great Lakes coastal systems.  J. Great Lakes Research 33 (Special Issue 3):236-244.

  Kang, M., J.J.H. Ciborowski, L.B. Johnson, T. Hrabik, C. Richards, and J. Schuldt. 2007. The relationship between anthropogenic disturbance and the distribution of a nonindigenous species, Echinogammarus ischnus Stebbing, 1898 (Amphipoda: Gammaridae), at Great Lakes coastal margins. J. Great Lakes Res. 33 (Special Issue 3):198-210.

  Brazner, J.C., N.P. Danz, A.S. Trebitz, G.J. Niemi, R.R. Regal, T. Hollenhorst, G.E. Host, E.D. Reavie, T.N. Brown, J.M. Hanowski, C.A. Johnson, L.B. Johnson, R.W. Howe, J.J.H. Ciborowski. 2007. Responsiveness of Great Lakes Wetland Indicators to Human Disturbances at Multiple Spatial Scales: A Multi-Assemblage Assessment. Journal of Great Lakes Research 33 (Special Issue 3): 42-66.

  Brazner, J.C., N.P. Danz, G. J. Niemi, R. R. Regal, A. S. Trebitz, R. W. Howe,  J. M. Hanowski, L. B. Johnson, J. J. H. Ciborowski, C. A. Johnston, E. D. Reavie, V. J. Brady, and G. V. Sgro.  Evaluating geographic, geomorphic and human influences on Great Lakes wetland indicators: multi-assemblage variance partitioning. Ecological Indicators 7(2007):610-635.

  Boone, R.B., C.J. Johnson, and L.B. Johnson.  2006. Simulating vernal pool hydrology in central Minnesota, USA.  Wetlands 26:581-592.

  Boone, R.B., C.M. Johnson and L.B. Johnson. 2006. Simulating wood frog movement in central Minnesota USA using a diffusion model. Ecological Modeling 198:255-262.

  Danz, N.P., G.J. Niemi, R.R. Regal, T. Hollenhorst, L.B. Johnson, J.M. Hanowski, R.P. Axler, J.J.H. Ciborowski, T. Hrabik, V.J. Brady, J.R. Kelly, J.C. Brazner, R.W. Howe, G.E. Host.  2007. Integrated Measures of Anthropogenic Stress in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin. Environmental Management 39:631647.

  Johnson, LB., G.E. Host, C. Richards, J. H. Olker. 2006. Landscape and local scale predictors of wood abundance in low gradient streams. Pages 151-174, In: Hughes, R.M., L. Wang, P.W. Seelbach, Editors. Landscape Influences on stream habitats and biological assemblages. American Fisheries Society Symposium 48, Bethesda, Maryland. 

  Hollenhorst, T., G. Host, and Johnson, L.B.  2006. Scale Effects in Mapping Riparian Zones in Agricultural Landscapes.  Chapter 15, in: Scaling and Uncertainty Analysis in Ecology: Methods and Applications. Springer, The Netherlands. 

  Schomberg, J., Host, G.E. Johnson, L.B., and Richards, C.  2005. Evaluating the influence of landform, surficial geology, and land use on streams using hydrologic simulation modeling. Aquatic Sciences 67(4):528-540.

  Host, G.E., J.A. Schuldt, J.J.H. Ciborowski, L.B. Johnson, T.P. Hollenhorst, and C. Richards. 2005. Use of GIS and remotely sensed data for a priori identification of reference areas for Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. International Journal of Remote Sensing (Special Issue on Estuarine Ecosystem Analysis) 26(23):5325-5342.

  Danz, N.P., R.R. Regal, G.J. Niemi, V.J. Brady, T. Hollenhorst, L.B. Johnson, G.E. Host, J.M. Hanowski, C.A. Johnston, T. Brown, J. Kingston, and J.R. Kelly. 2005. Environmentally stratified sampling design for the development of Great Lakes environmental indicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 102:41-65. 

  Schoff ,P. K., C. M. Johnson, A. M. Schotthoefer, C. Leiske, L. B. Johnson, and V. R. Beasley.  2003. Current prevalence of malformed frogs: estimations based on collections from randomized sites.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:510-521.

  Elosegi, A. and L.B. Johnson. Wood in Rivers in Developed Landscapes. 2003. Pages 337-354, In: S. V. Gregory, K. B. Staley and A. Gurnell, editors. The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers. American Fisheries Society. Symposium 37, Bethesda, Maryland. 

  Johnson, L.B., D. Breneman, C. Richards. 2003. Macroinvertebrate community structure and function associated with large wood in low gradient agricultural streams. River Research and Applications 19(3):199-218. 

  Peterson, G. S., L. B. Johnson, R. P. Axler, and S. A. Diamond.  2002. Assessment of the Risk of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation to Amphibians II: In Situ Characterization of Exposure in Amphibian Habitats.  Environmental Science and Technology36:2859-2865.

  Johnson, C.M., L.B. Johnson, C. Richards, V. Beasley.  2002. Predicting the occurrence of amphibians: an assessment of multiple-scale models.  Chapter 12, In: J.M. Scott, et al. Predicting Issues of Scale and Accuracy, Island Press. 868 pp.

  Richards, C. and L.B. Johnson.  1998. Landscape perspectives on ecological risk assessment.  In: M.C. Newman and C. Strojan (eds). Risk Assessment: Logic and Measurement. Ann Arbor Press.

  Johnson, L.B. and J.D. Allan (editors). 1997. Special Applied Issue Section: Advances in Catchment-Scale Analyses of Aquatic Ecosystems.  Freshwater Biology 37(1).

  Johnson, L.B and S.H. Gage.  1997. Landscape approaches to the analysis of aquatic ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 37:113-132.

  Johnson, L.B., C. Richards, G.E. Host and J.W. Arthur. 1997.  Landscape influences on water chemistry in Midwestern stream ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 37:193-208.

  Richards, C., R.J. Haro, L.B. Johnson and G.E. Host. 1997.  Catchment and reach-scale properties as indicators of macroinvertebrate species traits. Freshwater Biology 37:219-230.

  Richards, C., L.B. Johnson, and G.E. Host. 1996. Landscape-scale influences on stream habitats and biota.  Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 53 (Suppl 1):295-311.

  Johnson, L.B.  1990.  Analyzing spatial and temporal phenomena using geographical information systems: A review of ecological applications.  Landscape Ecology.  4:31-43.

  Hoffman, R.A., L.B. Johnson, M.K. Vaughn and R.J. Reiter.  1989.  Interaction of Harderian glands, illumination and temperature on growth and thyroid hormones in golden hamsters.  J. Comp. Endocrinol. 158:697-702.

  Hoffman, R.A., L.B. Johnson and R.J. Reiter.  1988.  Regulation of melatonin in the Harderian gland of golden hamsters.  J. Pineal Res. 6:63-71.

  Kokoska, S. and L.B. Johnson.  1987.  A comparison of statistical techniques used to analyze growth curves.  Growth 51:261-269.

  Hoffman, R.A., L.B. Johnson, M.K. Vaughn, and R.J. Reiter.  1987.  Influence of diet on photoperiod-induced gonadal regression in female hamsters.  Growth 51:385-396.

  Johnson, L.B. and R.A. Hoffman.  1985.  Interaction of diet and photoperiod on growth and reproduction in male golden hamsters.  Growth 49:380-399.

  Hoffman, R.A. and L.B. Johnson.  1985.  Effect of photic history and illuminance levels on male golden hamsters; Possible pineal involvement.  J. Pineal Res. 2:209-215.

  Hoffman, R.A., L.B. Johnson, and G.M. Brown.  1985.  Growth and development in the golden hamster: Influence of the pineal gland, melatonin, and photic input.  Chapter 42, In: The Pineal Gland: Endocrine Aspects, G.M. Brown and S.C. Wainright (eds).  Pergamon Press, NY.

  Hoffman, R.A., L.B. Johnson, and R. Corth.  1985.  The effects of spectral power distribution and illuminance levels on key parameters in the male golden hamster and the rat.  J. Pineal Res. 2:217-233.

  Hoffman, R.A., L.B. Johnson and R.J. Reiter.  1985.  Harderian glands of golden hamsters: Temporal and sexual differences in immunoreactive melatonin.  J. Pineal Res. 2:161-168.

  Ghent, A.W., R. Singer, and L. Johnson-Singer.  1978.  Depth distribution with SCUBA and associated studies of the freshwater unionid clams, Elliptio complanata and Anodonta grandis in Lake Bernard, Ontario.  Can. J. Zool. 56:1654-1663.